Troubled waters: Venice's grim future and climate's harsh reality

Venice consists of 118 small islands in the Venetian Gulf's lagoon. It is a shallow, enclosed bay with 549 square kilometres in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, which surrounds Venice and its islands. The city is about 4 kilometres from the mainland and 1.6 kilometres from the open sea. Overall, it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. It has been struggling with increasingly frequent flooding for decades.

Venice has become a symbol of the effects of global warming and climate crisis. Most people know that the Italian city will soon be underwater if negative trends are not reversed. New research from experts from the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), who analyzed tide level rise data shows that part of Venice will be submerged by 2150.

Scientists predict that part of St. Mark's Square, the most famous location in Venice, will be permanently covered by 71 centimetres of water. The western part of the city will finally be one of the first to sink. This area has been underwater 58 times from 2019 to 2023. Marco Anzidei, a researcher at INGV, explained, "Sea level increase, particularly if accelerated locally by subsidence, is leading to increasingly severe and widespread coastal erosion, beach retreat and marine flooding with very significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts for populations."

Venice will not give up without a fight. MOSE, the system of movable barriers at the lagoon's entrances, is already operational and will achieve full functionality in 2025. The gates are raised during high tides, preventing water from entering the lagoon and the city. However, this "triumph of technology" is only a short-term solution.

In the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, a rise in the average regional sea level by 2100 of 28 to 56 centimetres in the most optimistic scenario of the effects of global warming was predicted. In the pessimistic scenario, it will be 64-102 centimetres. At such a water level, the movable barriers would have to be raised so often that Venice's port industry would lose its purpose, and the lagoon itself – which is "flushed" by the tides – would become a stinking swamp.

A group of environmental scientists from the University of Padua is pushing for greater protection of the lagoon's salt marshes. These marshes are crucial for flood protection, acting as buffers protecting the city from high tides and powerful carbon dioxide absorbers.