JAS‑39 Gripen could make Sweden a player in the space race
Sweden wants to join the ranks of countries that can independently launch a payload into Earth's orbit. Instead of a cosmodrome, the Swedes want to use their multi-purpose JAS-39 Gripen aircraft as a launch platform. Poland is also working on a similar solution.
How to send a payload into orbit? The most widespread solution involves large, heavy, and expensive carrier rockets requiring costly infrastructure. A considerable amount of fuel is used in the initial phase of the flight as the rocket lifts off from Earth and overcomes the densest layers of the atmosphere, which generate the most outstanding resistance.
This problem can be partially solved by changing the altitude from which the rocket starts and taking it into the air using an airplane, better suited for flying in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Although the rocket's size and, thus, the mass of its payload are limited, a regular airport and airplane are sufficient to start the space mission.
The Swedes want to realize this idea, having launched the Stella research program for this purpose. Its launch aligns with Sweden's new "Space Strategy in the Field of Defence and Security," adopted in early July, which aims to "secure Sweden's interests in defence and security in space."
This aligns with NATO's decision to treat outer space as the fifth operational domain for conducting military operations alongside land, sea, air, and cyberspace.
Stella program – JAS-39 Gripen as a cosmodrome
The Stella program aims to test the possibility of launching small payloads into orbit using a rocket launched from an aircraft. The Royal Institute of Technology KTH in Stockholm has already researched this solution. Researchers believe the idea is feasible for small, 2 kg payloads—not much, but enough to place nanosatellites into orbit.
The Swedish army is interested in the initiative. Colonel Ella Carlsson, head of the Space Department of the Swedish Air Force, stated that the inspiration came from an interview in which a former director of the Ukrainian Space Agency claimed the ability to place satellites into orbit using an aircraft quickly would have been very desirable before the Russian aggression.
The Swedish military has significant reservations. The continuation of the Stella program is conditional on confirming that the rocket with the payload can launch from the JAS-39 Gripen aircraft. The main concern is verifying whether this will require modifications to the aircraft itself.
Rapid space missions
It is worth noting that the Swedes are not the first to explore this concept. In 2019, the Italians started similar research, wanting to use Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft as rocket carriers. Also worth mentioning is the interrupted American ALASA program.
DARPA's research program aimed to test the possibility of launching satellites into orbit with a rocket carried into the air by an F-15 aircraft. According to the program's assumptions, it was supposed to respond to the risk of space infrastructure being destroyed during a potential armed conflict.
Although the ALASA program was abandoned, the idea of quickly carrying out space missions has not been discarded.
Examples include missions during which traditional Firefly Alpha carrier rockets were used, in which the Pentagon tested the ability to rapidly launch payloads into orbit within just a few dozen hours of making such a decision. During the Victus Nox mission in September 2023, the time from decision to launch was just 27 hours.
This pace allows for rapidly rebuilding reconnaissance satellite constellations damaged or intentionally destroyed in orbit due to enemy actions.
Pegasus rockets
The Northrop Grumman Pegasus system, which has been in use since the 1990s, also utilizes flying launch platforms and rockets with significantly larger mass. Developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation, it uses Pegasus and Pegasus XL rockets up to 18 metres long and weighing up to 23,000 kg.
The three-stage rocket can place a 443-kg payload into low orbit. The launch is carried out from an aircraft (e.g., a B-52) that takes the rocket to an altitude of 13 km. To date, 45 different missions have been carried out this way, with the last one taking place in 2021.
Virgin Orbit developed a similar solution, using a Boeing 747 aircraft as the launch platform and the LauncherOne rocket. In 2023, its solutions were taken over by Stratolaunch Systems, which operates another flying launch platform—the twin-fuselage, world's largest aircraft Stratolaunch.
In 2022, the Polish Space Agency (POLSA) signed a letter of intent with Virgin Orbit regarding launches from Polish territory using LauncherOne systems.
Polish aircraft as space rocket carriers
Poland is also researching using military aircraft as launch platforms for space rockets. The Department of Mechatronics, Armament, and Aviation of the Military University of Technology (WAT), in collaboration with the Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Aviation, has verified the possibility of using decommissioned MiG-29 and Su-22 aircraft.
Their use as launch platforms would make Poland – currently building relatively small satellites – independent of the availability of cargo space in rockets carrying larger payloads into orbit for other countries.
"The grand space programs conducted by the Americans, Russians, Chinese, or Europeans (...) are available only to countries that can afford them. Poles participate in them on a 'piggyback' basis, meaning our payload can be attached to the main payload, and its launch involves several years of waiting in line (…)," explained Dr. Eng. Piotr Zalewski from WAT.
An essential issue in this case is the aircraft's lifting capacity and the availability of an adequately extensive flight range. This is necessary for safety reasons – that's why cosmodromes are built in sparsely populated areas (like Baikonur in Kazakhstan, ELS in French Guiana, Andoya in Norway, or Esrange in Sweden), or, as in the case of the U.S., over the ocean, where a potential rocket disaster would not cause damage on the ground.
"It is realistic to place a rocket with a satellite, for example, under the wings or fuselage of an aircraft that will take off from an airport in Poland and fly over the North Sea, where the rocket will detach and complete its flight in a safe zone. We would not then be dependent on Americans or the European Agency, and we wouldn't have to wait in line to attach to a large payload," noted Dr. Eng. Zalewski.
Research conducted in Poland confirmed that – after modification – the decommissioned aircraft could lift rockets weighing 1,800 to 4,100 kg. "Considering the performance and capabilities of some fighter aircraft, a rocket with the required parameters can be carried by them. This means that a space payload weighing 10 kg can be launched into so-called low Earth orbit (500 to 700 km)," the researchers concluded.
